The current study tackles the issue of converting second order initial value
problems (IVPs) into a Volterra integral equation of the second type (VIE2) in order
to approximate their solution. Since the IVPs may be converted to a lower triangular
system of algebraic equations, we first solve them using Runge–Kutta of the forth–
order technique (RK), after which we convert them into VIE2 and solve them using
the εmodified block–pulse functions (εMBPFs) and their operational matrix. The
suggested approach has an appropriate level of accuracy, as shown by numerical
examples